JERUSALEM – A combustible dispute over property taxes led to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem being closed in protest for three days. The mayor of Jerusalem, without notice or consultation, slapped tax arrears assessments on church properties not used for worship, including the vast number of guesthouses that welcome pilgrims visiting the holy sites.
Having ambushed the churches with the arbitrary elimination of a tax exemption that dates back to the Ottoman Empire, the municipality froze some of the bank accounts of the churches and placed liens on some of their properties.
It was an outrageous manoeuvre, done for domestic political reasons, and it backfired badly. The Israeli government has no desire for the entire Christian world to wonder why the Holy Sepulchre is closed, and to suspect that the local mayor is looking to solve his fiscal crisis on the backs of the local Christian minority and pilgrims coming to visit their holy places. So it forced Mayor Nir Barkat to back down.
While the Jerusalem case is unique, it does invite reflection on why churches are generally not taxed, or at least are given differential tax treatment.
In Canada, our tax policy for charities actually confuses the understanding about the tax treatment of churches. We tend to think that the government grants tax exemptions to charities – and tax credits for donations to same – because it’s a more efficient way to get certain projects done. Habitat for Humanity can do what the government can’t do, and does it far more efficiently. It’s recognized that the charitable sector – from the corporal works of mercy to cultural and civic initiatives – contribute to the common good. Favourable tax treatment recognizes this in principle and facilitates it in practice.
The situation of churches is different.
We have become so accustomed to the state taxing everything we earn, own, buy and sell that we tend to think that the state can by right tax anything and everything. If it chooses not to tax something, then it’s oft considered to have awarded a grant or subsidy.
There are limits, though, to what the state can tax, because there are limits to the state’s authority. Until taxes on everything became standard practice, taxation was linked to the territorial authority of the sovereign. That’s why taxes were levied at borders and duties were charged on imported goods. It was not a just a matter of practical tax collection. It emphasized that upon entering the territory of a sovereign, the authority of that sovereignty was expressed in taxation. Empires levied imperial taxes in their provinces. Hence, Jesus advised rendering unto Caesar, not the Galilean town council.
The growth of the state has been fuelled by, and is signified by, expanding taxation over almost every activity under the sun – and the moon as well. Ubiquitous taxation has eroded our sense of any limits on the state, so much so that we supinely accept that we should pay taxes even on the taxes we pay.
The principal limit on the state’s power is that the state is not God. And the church, which belongs to God before it belongs to the natural order, does not belong to the state. That’s why totalitarian regimes always turn against the church, usually sooner rather than later. The church, by its very existence, means there is a place where the state may not go, a realm to which its authority does not extend.
That’s why tax exemption of the church is not a matter of enhancing social services or achieving more efficient program delivery. Rather, it’s a matter of recognizing that the church is not ultimately subject to the sovereignty of the state. That’s why citizens, and not just believers, ought to support the tax exemption for the church.
Taxing God is never a good idea.
Fr. Raymond J. de Souza is editor-in-chief of Convivium, a digital magazine of think-tank Cardus.
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